Fig. 3

Results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Analysis revealed complex bacterial communities in CC and AC1 larvae and verified genus-level identities of conventionalized groups at the end of each experiment (a). Distance to centroid on a Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix (b) revealed high within-group heterogeneity for CC, AC1, and AX, while heterogeneity was low for larvae colonized with isolates. Heat trees (c) show differences in microbial diversity between CC, AC1, and AX larvae. CC = conventionally colonized; AC1 = axenic colonized on day 1; AX = axenic; AC1:DM1 = A. venetianus + V. metoecus + C. testosteroni + D. tsuruhatensis + A. veronii; AC1:DM2 = A. venetianus + C. testosteroni + D. tsuruhatensis + A. veronii