Fig. 4

Microbiota shared within sea cucumber and seawater samples. a Venn diagram depicting unique and shared bacteria orders and families among sea cucumber larvae and their rearing seawater. b Boxplot based on unweighted UniFrac distance of atrophy larvae and their rearing seawater (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05, q < 0.05). Scale represents similarity within samples. c PCoA plot based on Unweighted UniFrac distance. Colors represent different developmental stages. Closed circles represent larvae samples and open circles represent seawater samples. d NMDS ordination based on Bray-Curtis distance showing the differences of microbiome between sea cucumber larvae and seawater