Fig. 5

Bean plots representing the gut microbiome alpha diversity, expressed by the following indices: A Shannon’s diversity index B Number of observed species, and C Pielou’s Evenness. The tested groups are plotted on the X-axis while alpha indices were plotted on the Y-axis. Statistical significance of pairwise comparisons was calculated by the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by post-hoc pairwise Dunn’s test. Asterisks (*) indicate p value ≤ 0.05