Fig. 4

Predicted prokaryotic functions (CowPI database) detected using LEfSe (LDA > 2.0, P < 0.05) in the ruminal microbiota of CON and PEO groups. Only the functional parameters accounting for ≥ 0.1% average relative abundance in at least one of the treatments were statistically analyzed by LEfSe. CON, without PEO; PEO, Pinus koraiensis cone essential oil; LDA: linear discriminant analysis; LEfSe: linear discriminant analysis effect size. *P < 0.1, **P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001