Table 3 Results of PERMANOVA using a Euclidean distance matrix to test for differences in passerine uropygial gland microbiota depending on season, migration distance, taxonomic family, and species
| Â | df | Sum of squares | Mean sum of squares | F | R2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Season (fall, spring) | 1 | 4741 | 4741 | 7.3 | 0.01 |  < 0.0001 |
Migration (inter, intra) | 1 | 1803 | 1803 | 2.8 | 0.01 |  < 0.0001 |
Family | 10 | 13,361 | 1336 | 2.0 | 0.04 |  < 0.0001 |
Species | 6 | 4959 | 827 | 1.3 | 0.02 | 0.0004 |
Residuals | 454 | 296,342 | 653 | – | 0.92 | – |