Table 4 Predicted bacterial functional pathway (KEGG pathways at L1 and L2 hierarchies) abundances of canine gastrointestinal tract segments

6.818 ± 1.949^a

3.636 ± 2.552^b

2.916 ± 1.525^b

2.168 ± 0.403^b

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.699 ± 0.076^a

0.535 ± 0.113^b

0.505 ± 0.064^b

0.541 ± 0.027^b

< 0.001

< 0.001

5.923 ± 1.881^a

2.795 ± 2.587^b

2.107 ± 1.761^b

2.253 ± 1.544^b

1.420 ± 0.401^b

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.195 ± 0.026^bc

0.306 ± 0.142^a

0.252 ± 0.092^ab

0.158 ± 0.076^c

0.207 ± 0.019^bc

< 0.001

< 0.001

3.712 ± 0.172^ab

4.067 ± 0.664^a

4.180 ± 0.961^a

3.393 ± 0.779^b

3.875 ± 0.236^ab

0.004

0.005

0.017 ± 0.025^c

0.073 ± 0.042^ab

0.079 ± 0.033^ab

0.050 ± 0.024^b

0.080 ± 0.011^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.484 ± 0.124^a

0.294 ± 0.134^b

0.247 ± 0.098^bc

0.168 ± 0.041^c

0.195 ± 0.027^c

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.053 ± 0.015

0.05 ± 0.051

0.069 ± 0.066^a

0.029 ± 0.035

0.027 ± 0.012^b

0.013

0.016

0.003 ± 0.006^c

0.002 ± 0.005^c

0.005 ± 0.008^bc

0.017 ± 0.024^ab

0.022 ± 0.008^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.232 ± 0.037^a

0.265 ± 0.114^a

0.270 ± 0.134^a

0.204 ± 0.079^ab

0.150 ± 0.014^b

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.762 ± 0.109^a

0.758 ± 0.175^a

0.675 ± 0.290^ab

0.393 ± 0.183^c

0.511 ± 0.060^bc

< 0.001

< 0.001

1.169 ± 0.065^bc

1.358 ± 0.201^ab

1.477 ± 0.237^a

1.082 ± 0.338^c

1.296 ± 0.113^ab

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.157 ± 0.046^b

0.26 ± 0.094^a

0.284 ± 0.078^a

0.223 ± 0.077^a

0.265 ± 0.018^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.318 ± 0.044^bc

0.527 ± 0.244^a

0.460 ± 0.236^ab

0.249 ± 0.135^c

0.324 ± 0.082^bc

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.348 ± 0.056^c

0.405 ± 0.144^bc

0.489 ± 0.141^ab

0.506 ± 0.072^a

0.501 ± 0.044^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.169 ± 0.121^b

0.076 ± 0.078^b

0.126 ± 0.182^b

0.473 ± 0.403^a

0.504 ± 0.158^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

11.055 ± 1.351^b

11.862 ± 2.972^b

14.320 ± 2.589^a

15.302 ± 1.630^a

14.280 ± 0.422^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

8.384 ± 1.725^b

9.799 ± 2.721^b

12.228 ± 2.140^a

13.526 ± 1.365^a

12.575 ± 0.529^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

2.475 ± 0.448^a

1.856 ± 0.693^b

1.911 ± 0.733^b

1.570 ± 0.487^b

1.504 ± 0.213^b

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.197 ± 0.029

0.206 ± 0.078

0.182 ± 0.083

0.206 ± 0.080

0.201 ± 0.031

0.877

0.921

22.422 ± 0.657^b

22.997 ± 2.153^ab

22.821 ± 2.352^ab

25.096 ± 4.160^a

23.154 ± 1.023^ab

0.011

0.011

3.254 ± 0.303^a

2.858 ± 0.407^b

2.696 ± 0.335^b

2.579 ± 0.418^b

2.529 ± 0.112^b

< 0.001

< 0.001

1.130 ± 0.182^a

0.842 ± 0.212^b

0.776 ± 0.120^bc

0.591 ± 0.092^d

0.646 ± 0.091^cd

< 0.001

< 0.001

7.912 ± 0.773^b

8.948 ± 1.348^ab

9.103 ± 1.240^ab

10.115 ± 1.761^a

9.407 ± 0.593^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.673 ± 0.075

0.887 ± 0.565

0.891 ± 0.165

0.837 ± 0.151

0.879 ± 0.062

0.045

0.053

0.248 ± 0.027

0.209 ± 0.081

0.183 ± 0.102

0.227 ± 0.112

0.197 ± 0.032

0.123

0.136

1.463 ± 0.415^c

2.031 ± 0.470^c

2.320 ± 0.362^ab

2.654 ± 0.284^a

2.572 ± 0.211^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.001 ± 0.002^b

0.015 ± 0.025^a

0.015 ± 0.012^ab

0.013 ± 0.012^a

0.008 ± 0.005^ab

0.008

0.010

6.850 ± 0.257^ab

6.280 ± 0.920^ab

5.931 ± 1.092^ab

7.107 ± 2.064^a

5.983 ± 0.399^b

0.012

0.015

0.891 ± 0.023^b

0.926 ± 0.088^ab

0.907 ± 0.102^ab

0.973 ± 0.103^a

0.934 ± 0.026^ab

0.012

0.015

1.700 ± 0.365^a

1.151 ± 0.385^b

0.979 ± 0.252^bc

0.905 ± 0.185^bc

0.776 ± 0.096^c

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.227 ± 0.037^a

0.150 ± 0.061^b

0.142 ± 0.037^bc

0.098 ± 0.032^d

0.108 ± 0.016^cd

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.000 ± 0.000

0.000 ± 0.000

0.000 ± 0.000

0.001 ± 0.003

0.000 ± 0.000

0.188

0.201

0.061 ± 0.004

0.061 ± 0.013

0.066 ± 0.019

0.069 ± 0.019

0.058 ± 0.008

0.108

0.121

0.675 ± 0.115^a

0.473 ± 0.149^b

0.436 ± 0.151^b

0.463 ± 0.084^b

0.404 ± 0.074^b

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.120 ± 0.007^a

0.099 ± 0.027^ab

0.093 ± 0.018^b

0.122 ± 0.040^a

0.100 ± 0.016^ab

0.002

0.003

0.618 ± 0.208^a

0.368 ± 0.275^b

0.242 ± 0.221^bc

0.151 ± 0.072^c

0.106 ± 0.026^c

< 0.001

< 0.001

49.369 ± 0.595^a

50.561 ± 2.655^a

49.019 ± 1.797^ab

46.987 ± 2.630^b

50.212 ± 1.023^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

8.681 ± 0.277^bc

9.547 ± 1.011^a

9.064 ± 0.685^abc

8.431 ± 0.966^c

9.269 ± 0.325^ab

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.060 ± 0.005^ab

0.076 ± 0.029^a

0.074 ± 0.047^ab

0.034 ± 0.028^c

0.048 ± 0.01^bc

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.473 ± 0.160^c

0.787 ± 0.282^ab

0.674 ± 0.154^ab

0.628 ± 0.196^bc

0.872 ± 0.073^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

8.798 ± 0.746^b

9.510 ± 1.097^b

9.749 ± 1.098^ab

10.062 ± 0.753^a

10.655 ± 0.558^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

7.659 ± 0.679^a

6.404 ± 0.989^b

5.839 ± 0.624^bc

5.536 ± 0.468^c

6.069 ± 1.015^bc

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.728 ± 0.068^b

0.839 ± 0.142^ab

0.857 ± 0.201^ab

0.707 ± 0.177^b

0.854 ± 0.115^a

0.002

0.003

1.867 ± 0.220^b

2.036 ± 0.270^ab

2.138 ± 0.188^a

2.119 ± 0.196^a

2.177 ± 0.190^ab

< 0.001

< 0.001

3.156 ± 0.395^a

2.990 ± 0.521^a

2.622 ± 0.656^ab

1.696 ± 0.698^c

2.305 ± 0.170^bc

< 0.001

< 0.001

2.696 ± 0.173

2.748 ± 0.385

2.659 ± 0.205

2.717 ± 0.292

2.694 ± 0.089

0.928

0.958

4.738 ± 0.317^a

4.467 ± 0.463^a

4.442 ± 0.565^a

3.640 ± 0.473^b

4.509 ± 0.396^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

1.743 ± 0.108^a

1.642 ± 0.156^ab

1.526 ± 0.098^bc

1.512 ± 0.098^c

1.446 ± 0.047^c

< 0.001

< 0.001

1.744 ± 0.033^ab

1.812 ± 0.202^a

1.684 ± 0.162^ab

1.643 ± 0.152^b

1.685 ± 0.104^ab

0.008

0.010

0.016 ± 0.030^c

0.038 ± 0.030^bc

0.073 ± 0.048^ab

0.076 ± 0.035^a

0.051 ± 0.019^ab

< 0.001

< 0.001

4.477 ± 0.087

4.311 ± 0.532

4.290 ± 0.614

4.616 ± 0.688

4.270 ± 0.287

0.154

0.167

0.642 ± 0.140^b

0.953 ± 0.500^a

0.932 ± 0.183^a

1.087 ± 0.145^a

0.965 ± 0.111^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

1.368 ± 0.094^b

1.843 ± 0.618^a

1.784 ± 0.383^a

1.843 ± 0.402^a

1.689 ± 0.135^a

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.833 ± 0.066^a

0.710 ± 0.134^b

0.664 ± 0.182^bc

0.565 ± 0.111^c

0.642 ± 0.064^bc

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.150 ± 0.058^a

0.058 ± 0.075^b

0.024 ± 0.049^bc

0.005 ± 0.010^c

0.004 ± 0.006^c

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.007 ± 0.016^b

0.043 ± 0.047^a

0.031 ± 0.027^ab

0.024 ± 0.024^ab

0.027 ± 0.025^ab

0.007

0.009

0.203 ± 0.027

0.262 ± 0.080

0.287 ± 0.161

0.207 ± 0.070

0.270 ± 0.051

0.006

0.008

0.280 ± 0.048^a

0.177 ± 0.076^b

0.149 ± 0.050^b

0.183 ± 0.065^b

0.151 ± 0.020^b

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.002 ± 0.004^c

0.007 ± 0.011^bc

0.020 ± 0.018^a

0.013 ± 0.008^ab

0.010 ± 0.006^abc

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.118 ± 0.009^a

0.089 ± 0.025^b

0.070 ± 0.027^bc

0.053 ± 0.020^c

0.084 ± 0.009^b

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.073 ± 0.021

0.072 ± 0.026

0.083 ± 0.044

0.079 ± 0.027

0.095 ± 0.011

0.060

0.069

1.007 ± 0.081^c

1.459 ± 0.410^ab

1.682 ± 0.430^a

1.335 ± 0.256^b

1.279 ± 0.054^b

< 0.001

< 0.001

3.083 ± 0.375^a

3.558 ± 0.471^b

3.494 ± 0.347^b

3.501 ± 0.191^b

3.614 ± 0.132^b

< 0.001

< 0.001