Fig. 4

Mean relative abundance of microbial families in frass and intestinal samples from black soldier fly larvae reared on chicken feed diet (CD) compared to larvae reared on a modified fly diet (FDred), and a modified fly diet-based supplemented substrate (FD + BCH, FD + SSP). Families that passed the initial abundance filtering in the DESeq2 analysis were included. To illustrate the development of the microbial profiles, the microbial abundances of feeding substrates after a 24-h soaking period are shown (n = 1 sample per substrate)