Reduction of enteric methane emission using methanotroph-based probiotics in Hanwoo steers

Table 4 Effects of methanotroph-based probiotic on pH, ammonia-nitrogen, and volatile fatty acid production

Item	Treatments¹			SEM²	p value
Item	CON	LOW	HIGH	SEM²	p value
pH	6.55^a ± 0.22	6.30^b ± 0.23	6.29^b ± 0.24	0.067	0.0157
NH₃-N (mg/dL)	3.89 ± 2.53	3.65 ± 2.14	3.32 ± 2.32	0.673	0.8388
Acetate (mmol/L)	57.93 ± 10.68	62.35 ± 7.66	65.75 ± 8.05	2.539	0.1110
Propionate (mmol/L)	18.74 ± 4.65	22.10 ± 6.21	22.48 ± 5.07	1.533	0.1848
Butyrate (mmol/L)	34.70 ± 20.20	41.13 ± 19.03	49.32 ± 29.52	6.616	0.3207
Total VFA (mmol/L)	111.37 ± 33.12	125.88 ± 22.14	137.55 ± 33.04	8.496	0.1150
A: P³	3.17 ± 0.59	2.93 ± 0.44	3.03 ± 0.61	0.157	0.5830

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). ^{a, b}Means (n = 12) within a row with different superscripts differ (p < 0.05). ¹Treatments: CON, basal diet (0.2% wheat bran); LOW, basal diet with 0.2% NC52PC (3 × 10⁷ CFUs/ml); HIGH, basal diet with 0.2% NC52PC (3 × 10⁸ CFUs/ml). ²SEM, standard error of the mean. ³A:P, acetic to propionate ratio

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