Fig. 3

β-diversity indices of snail hemolymph, organs, whole snails, and water. We computed UniFrac indices: unweighted and weighted UniFrac. UniFrac measures account for the phylogenetic distance of the microbial taxa when measuring distances between groups. These measures can be weighted by the abundance of each microbial taxa. The matrices on the right side of each index showed the significance level of the PERMANOVA test (differences between sample types) and the β dispersion test (homogeneity of variance between sample types confirming that significant PERMANOVA results are due to differences in distance between groups and not to differences in sample dispersion between groups). Organ microbiomes tend to cluster by functions. Whole-snail microbiomes are similar to hemolymph microbiomes. Ba: B. alexandrina, BgBS90: B. glabrata; Hm: hemolymph, S: stomach, G: gut, Hp: hepatopancreas, O: ovotestis, W: whole snail, Ty: tray water, Tk: tank water